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May 1998 India and Pakistan Conduct 

10 (total of 11) Nuclear Tests

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Wiki - 

The Pokhran-II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998. ... The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998, under the assigned code name Operation Shakti, with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs.  It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India; the first test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was conducted in May 1974.[3]

Test type: Underground tests

Test site: Pokhran Test Range, Rajasthan

Number of tests: 5

Period: 11–13 May 1998

1 fusion bomb, 4 fission bombs

 

The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998.[44]

 

Initially surprising the world, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised a nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) carried out nuclear testing under the codename Chagai-I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai-II on 30 May 1998. These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India's last test. The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt (see codename: Chagai-I).[39]

 

1998 climate after Indian nuclear tests

 

From the website:  Bulletin of Atomic Scientists

 

https://thebulletin.org/2018/06/on-the-20th-anniversary-of-the-1998-nuclear-tests-by-india-and-pakistan/

 

India and Pakistan dubbed: The Atomic Subcontinent (2013)

 

May 2018 marked the 20th anniversary of the nuclear weapon tests by India and Pakistan. Over these past two decades, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists has covered the growing nuclear programs of the two countries and the profound risks they pose to the roughly 1.5 billion people now living in these two countries, who make up one-fifth of humanity. Here, guest editors Zia Mian and M.V. Ramana select a few of the many articles on nuclear South Asia that have been published by the Bulletin.

 

2016: Kashmir, climate change and nuclear war

A new source of conflict between Pakistan and India has emerged. It is a struggle over access to and control over the water in the rivers that start as snow and glacial meltwater in the Himalayas and pass through Kashmir on their way to Pakistan as the Indus River Basin.

Zia Mian

(Zia Mian is a physicist and co-director of Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security, where he also directs the Project on Peace and Security in South Asia. He received the 2014 Linus Pauling Legacy Award for “his accomplishments as a scientist and as a peace activist in contributing to the global effort for nuclear disarmament and for a more peaceful world.”)

 

The Indus River and its tributaries are central to Pakistan’s water supply, food supply, and electricity production, and India relies on some of the same water. Under the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty, Pakistan has control over the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab Rivers, and India manages the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers until they cross into Pakistan and all merge into the Indus River. The treaty was established in part because of conflicts over water between the two countries following independence in 1947, including an Indian decision in 1948 to block some of the water flowing into Pakistan during the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir.

As water demand in both countries has grown to meet the needs of rapidly growing populations and increased agriculture and industrial use, large hydroelectric dams have been constructed, and renewed disputes are testing the Indus Waters Treaty. A 2011 United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee report assessed that “water may prove to be a source of instability in South Asia [as] new demands for the use of the river flows from irrigation and hydroelectric power are fueling tensions between India and Pakistan. A breakdown in the [Indus Water] treaty’s utility in resolving water conflicts could have serious ramifications for regional stability.” The report concluded grimly that “the United States cannot expect this region to continue to avoid ‘water wars’ in perpetuity.”

This is not a new concern. As long ago as 2002, Indian Water Resources Minister Bijoya Chakroborty threatened, “If we decide to scrap the Indus Water Treaty, then there will be drought in Pakistan, and the people of that country would have to beg for every drop of water.”

 

https://thebulletin.org/2019/08/climate-change-and-the-titanic/

 

Peter Gleick is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and a hydroclimatologist. He received a MacArthur “genius” fellowship for his work on the consequences of climate change for water resources, and the risks of conflicts over water. He has pioneered and advanced the concepts of the “soft path for water” and “peak water,” and founded the Pacific Institute.

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https://thebulletin.org/2019/06/nuclear-power-and-global-climate-change/

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Coastal Post Article - November, 1998     Nuke Testing and Weather! Including Hurricane Mitch.
By J.  Mayer for President 1996 


May 1998 India and Pakistan Conduct 10 Nuclear Tests 

May 20, 1998 -- Heavy rains swamped several areas of Australia's New South Wales State on 
Tuesday, causing a train derailment which killed two people. Emergency services were swamped with 
hundreds of calls for help as high winds and flooding caused havoc in the region.

May 21, 1998 -- Temperatures soaring to 120 degrees Fahrenheit for the past few days in parts of 
India and Pakistan have claimed at least 34 lives.

May 22, 1998 LA PAZ, Bolivia (CNN) -- Rescue workers are battling landslides and aftershocks to 
reach a remote area of Bolivia heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes. The first quake had a 
magnitude of 5.9; the second registered at 6.8.

May 29, 1998 -- Torrential rains have unleashed severe flooding across eight provinces in China this 
week, killing at least 128. It has become the worst flooding to strike the country in 100 years.

May 31, 1998 -- As many as 5,000 people are feared dead after a powerful earthquake, (6.9-7.1) 
struck remote northern Afghanistan, destroying numerous villages and leaving thousands of residents 
homeless. At least eight villages were completely wiped out. United Nations officials estimate that more 
than 50,000 people have been made homeless by the disaster.

May 30 and June 1- NEW YORK -- Severe windstorms, hail and tornadoes across 12 states between  
cost U.S. property and casualty insurance companies an estimated $650 million in insured losses.  
Hardest hit was Minnesota, reporting an estimated $200 million in insured losses for the period.

Flood summary for June  1998. Rainfall, Flooding "Persistent heavy rains and frequent severe 
thunderstorms affected much of the northern half of the country during June. June 1998 was the 2nd 
wettest June on record for this midwest region. The wettest June occurred in 1928.  372 
tornadoes were recorded during June over the nation as a whole, which is nearly 200 more 
than average.

June 2, 1998 - FAISABAD, Afghanistan (CNN) -- At least 4,000 people killed, many thousands 
injured and homeless in Badakhshan and Takhar Provinces, Afghanistan. Aid organizations struggled 
Tuesday to deliver emergency supplies to a remote region of northern Afghanistan.   This is a 
mountainous region and the force of the earthquake sent houses crashing down the hillsides toward the 
valleys below.

June 4-9 Arabian Sea Cyclone - The most intense tropical cyclone seen in the Arabian Sea in at least 
the last 15 years was responsible for the deaths of over 1000 persons, perhaps many more.  Winds in 
excess of 145 km/h were accompanied by storm-surge tides up to 4 metres high that washed 20 port 
workers out to sea. Many of the other victims were killed by lightning and house collapses. Early 
warning of the storm's approach allowed officials to evacuate thousands from coastal areas, but many 
returned to find their villages virtually wiped out.

June 8, 1998 -- The most powerful earthquake to be felt in Iceland's capital in 30 years shook the 
southern half of the island nation last Thursday evening. A series of seismic events began several days 
earlier and was punctuated by a magnitude 5.3 tremor

June 9th -Heat Kills Thousands - The blistering heat that has parched much of the Indian subcontinent in 
recent weeks has killed more than 2,500 people across the region. The hottest weather in decades 
brought businesses and government operations to a standstill.  Some areas are reporting the highest 
number of heatstroke fatalities on record.

3 Months later:  This mornings CNN's internet weather page, reads as follows:

September 10th. "Flooding Rampant Worldwide."

In India: Millions of people in the eastern Indian state of Assam are at risk after the worst floods in 50 
years. More than 1,800 people have died. Floodwaters from the Brahmaputra river have submerged 
some 5,000 villages in the past nine weeks. More than 5 million homeless.

China: The worst floods along the Yangtze River since 1954. More than 3,000 killed and millions 
homeless this summer, Sudan: Rising Nile leaves many homeless -- Incessant heavy rainfall over the 
headwaters of the Nile River in Sudan during the past month has unleashed massive flooding that has 
destroyed 119,000 houses and left more than 200,000 people homeless in nine Sudanese states, the 
government said.

Mexico: Flooding leaves dozens dead Army brings emergency supplies to tens of thousands of 
Mexicans stranded by deadly floodwaters in southern Mexico. Six consecutive days of rains have left an 
estimated 25,000 homeless in more than 50 towns and villages. President Earnesto Zedillo told 
reporters that only the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed 10,000 people, was a disaster 
greater in magnitude than last week's flash flooding

And that was just the highlights of today's news.

What makes these headlines of any special importance to you, is that events such as these have been 
going on for 4 months and on a daily basis.  Texas alone had close to 30 days of triple digit heat. That's 
serious and it ruined their economy, and  then torrential rains and flooding came, what a mess!  Texas 
now estimates over $1.7 billion in losses, Oklahoma about $2.0 billion, Florida about $175 million, 
Georgia over $400 million, while other states are still counting the damages.  At least 187 heat-related 
deaths occurred nationwide.

July 21 AITAPE, Papua New Guinea (CNN) --  .   A 23-foot tidal wave  crashed into Papua New 
Guinea's northern coast, crushing villages. The tsunami spawned by a 7.0 magnitude offshore earthquake 
hit late Friday night.  At least 2,183 people killed, more than 6,000 villagers were still missing on 
Tuesday after tidal waves last week swamped the northwestern coast

August 11, 1998 -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reveals that July was 
the hottest month on record around the world. Severe heat waves during July scorched not only a broad 
area of the American Midwest, but parts of Asia, southeastern Europe and North Africa

China flood Statistics:

August 15th China: Summer Floods: 2,000 dead, millions homeless. Damage has been estimated at $24 
billion by official Chinese media. The floods have already affected some 240 million people in China, a 
fifth of the country's population and roughly equal to that of the United States. Sounds more like a war 
zone rather than a weather report to me.

Hurricane Mitch, the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in 200 years, was another mega disaster, spawning 
landslides and floods mainly in Honduras and Nicaragua that left around 10,000 people dead.  

August 04 1998 Earthquake Mag. 7.2 Near Coast of Ecuador  Magnitude 7.2

August 10, 1998 -- Areas along Australia's southeastern coast experienced some of the heaviest rainfall 
in recorded history over the weekend. One inland community was submerged under more than 20 feet 
of water on Sunday. The rainfall received during the three days, was equivalent to what normally falls 
during a three-month period.

In 1998, natural disasters created more 'refugees' than wars and conflict. The report indicates that, 
drought, flooding and deforestation drove 25 million 'environmental refugees' from their land.

As I mentioned in my first article, since I began my research on May 20th, there has not been a day 
when very extreme weather has not occurred. And by extreme I mean record breaking heat waves, 
historic flooding, drought, you name it WE'VE SEEN IT ON THE NEWS.  
In 1998 natural catastrophes claimed the lives of about 50,000 people throughout the world (previous 
year: 13,000). Economic losses exceeded $90 billion (previous year: $30 billion), the second highest 
total ever.

The fires in Florida as well, yes the rains which usually soak the south were mysteriously pushed North 
in May, (right around the time of the tests), and then what happens? The Midwest floods, Texas burns 
up, tornadoes violently strike down, and we watch it on the evening news. Well it's the not the end of the 
world ladies and gentlemen, but it might as well be for those who don't have insurance.

Compton's Definition of nuclear explosions in part: The shock wave, a very high-pressure front, 
propagates outward at supersonic speed. Its arrival is experienced as a sudden and shattering blow 
followed by hurricane-force winds. The thermal radiation generated by a nuclear explosion travels at the 
speed of light and can burn all combustible materials for miles around.

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Sources:  CNN, Reuters, Weather Underground, world climate sites

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